导语

  

内容提要

  

    本专著提出了“试验侵蚀学”（Experimental Erosion）理论体系，并通过大量研究实例，丰富和完善了试验侵蚀学的相关理论。目前国内外尚没有出版与本书同样题材的论著。全书分两部分，第一部分介绍了水土保持试验的基本理论和模拟观测方法，其中作者提出的水土保持半比尺模型试验的实现方法、三维地貌的观测装置和方法、用于建立室内水土保持模型的装置、用于沟坡重力侵蚀现场试验的观测装置与方法等拥有自主的知识产权。第二部分是基于上述仪器和方法，对小流域和沟坡的土壤流失现象及其治理方法进行试验研究。首先，将黄土高原典型小流域坡、沟系统按半比尺模型试验方法缩小成一个小流域模型，通过降雨模拟来研究其水土流失规律性。

1 Introduction
  References
Part I Theories and Methods for Soil Conservation Experiments
  2 Similarity of Model Experiments
    2.1  Development of the Experimental Erosion
    2.2  Purpose and Significance
    2.3  Similarity Requirements
    2.4  Experimental Methods and Materials
    2.4.1  Data for the Prototype Watershed
    2.4.2  Landscape Simulator
    2.4.3  Performance of the Landscape Simulator and Data Collection
    2.4.4  Executive Process
    2.5  Results and Discussion
    2.5.1  Counteraction of the Soil Loss Error Caused by Different Rainfall Intensity
    2.5.2  Calculation of Soil Loss Scale Number and Relative Ratio
    2.5.3  Validation of Soil Loss Scale Number
    2.5.4  Qualitative Analysis of Erosion Depth
    2.6  Conclusions
    References
  3 A Conventional Experimental Technique: Rainfall Simulation
    3.1  Methods for Simulating the Rainfall
    3.2  Rainfall Simulators with Thread Droppers or Needle Droppers
    3.3  Rainfall Simulators with Spouts or Sprayers
    3.4  Automated Rainfall-Simulation Hall
    3.5  Conclusions
    References
  4 An Innovative Measurement Instrument: Topography Meter
    4.1  Quantitative Monitoring of Gravity Erosion
    4.2  Experimental Setup and Methods
    4.3  Data Processing
    4.3.1  Method to Calculate Gravity Erosion and Hydraulic Erosion
    4.3.2  Method to Measure Slope Volume
    4.4  Results and Discussion
    4.4.1  Calibration Test for Measurement of the Slope Volume and Coordinates
    4.4.2  Case Study for an Individual Failure
    4.4.3  Case Study for the Total Amount of Erosion
    4.4.4  Limitations and Future Developments
    4.5  Conclusions
    References
  5 How to Conduct an Experiment in the Field: A Portable Laboratory
    5.1  Difficulties to Conduct a Rainfall-Simulation Experiment in Situ
    5.2  Design of the Measurement System
    5.2.1  A Movable Tent for Field Study
    5.2.2  Operating Principle of the MX-2010-G Topography Meter
    5.2.3  Structure of the MX-2010-G Topography Meter
    5.3  Applications in the Landslide Experiments
    5.3.1  Results of the Landslide Experiments
    5.3.2  Methods to Obtain Relatively Clear Video
    5.3.3  Assessment of the MX-2010-G Topography Meter
    5.4  Conclusions
    References
Part II Soil Conservation Experiments: Case Studies on the Loess Plateau, China
  6 A Close Look of the Gravity Erosion on the Loess Plateau of China
    6.1  Gravity Erosion: Natural Hazard and Soil Erosion
    6.2  Characteristics of the Loess Plateau
    6.3  Methods and Materials
    6.4  Results and Discussion
    6.4.1  Analysis of the Catastrophic Loess Landslides
    6.4.2  Soil Erosion Caused by Loess Landslides
    6.4.3  Urgent Desires and Effective Measures to Prevent Landslides
    6.5  Conclusions
    References
  7 Effects of Conservation Practices on Soil, Water,and Nutrients
    7.1  Effects of Soil Conservation Practices
    7.2  Characteristics of the Nanxiaohegou Catchment
    7.3  Methods and Materials
    7.4  Results and Discussion
    7.4.1  Distributions of Water, Soil, Nutrients, and Total Retention Efficiency
    7.4.2  Retention Ability and Retention Ratio
    7.4.3  Positive Effects of the Conservation Practices
    7.4.4  Negative Effects of the Conservation Practices
    7.4.5  Role of Check Dam in Reducing Soil and Water Loss
    7.4.6  Future Research Scenarios
    7.5  Conclusions
    References
  8 Sediment-Storage Effects of Check-Dam System in the Small Watershed
    8.1  Relative Stability and Optimum Programming of Check Dams on the Loess Plateau
    8.2  Characteristics of the Yangdaogou Catchment
    8.3  Experimental Methods
    8.3.1  Runoff Simulation
    8.3.2  Rainfall Simulation
    8.4  Results and Discussion
    8.4.1  Mechanism of the Relative Stability Development
    8.4.2  Further Research on the Theory of Relative Stability
    8.4.3  Comparison of Sediment Loss and Dam-Land Area
    8.4.4  Comparison of the Water Discharge and Sediment Concentration
    8.4.5  Relationship Between the Dam-Land Increase and Erosion Reduction
    8.5  Conclusions
    References
  9 Gravity Erosions on the Loess Gully Bank: Avalanche,Landslide, or Mudslide
    9.1  Impact Factors of the Gravity Erosion
    9.2  Method and Materials
    9.3  Results and Discussion
    9.3.1  Types of Observed Mass Failures
    9.3.2  Triggers of the Gravity Erosion
    9.3.3  Prevention and Control Measures
    9.4  Conclusions
    References
  10 A Sensitivity Analysis on the Gravity Erosion on the Steep Loess Slope
    10.1  Assessment of Soil Erosion Sensitivity
    10.2  Gravity Erosion on the Loess Plateau
    10.3  Experimental Methods
    10.4  Results and Discussion
    10.4.1  Occurrence and Behavior of the Gravity Erosion
    10.4.2  Triggers: Rainfall Intensity and Duration
    10.4.3  Triggers: Slope Height and Gradient
    10.4.4  Causes of Different Failures: A Concise Discussion
    10.4.5  Sensitivity Analysis
    10.4.6  Problems and Suggestions
    10.5  Conclusions
    References
  11 Detecting Fingerprints of Gravity Erosion Drivers: A Laboratory Experiment
    11.1  A Retrospective Study on the Failure Scar on the Slope
    11.2  Methods and Materials
    11.3  Results and Discussion
    11.3.1  Characteristics of Failure Scars
    11.3.2  Impact Factors of Failure Scars
    11.3.3  Sensitivity Analysis
    11.3.4  Formation Mechanism of Scar Morphologies
    11.3.5  Effects of Parameters on Scar Forms
    11.3.6  Hazard Risks Suggested from the Scars
    11.4  Conclusions
    References
  12 Effects of Gravity Erosion on Particle Size Distribution of Suspended Sediment
    12.1  A Review on the Study of Particle Size Distribution of Suspended Sediment on Steep Slopes
    12.2  Characteristics of the Liudaogou Catchment
    12.3  Methods and Materials
    12.4  Results and Discussion
    12.4.1  Changes of PSDSS Affected by Gravity Erosion
    12.4.2  Effects of Gravity Erosion on d50, H, D
    12.4.3  Changes of Enrichment/Dilution Ratios by Water Erosion and Gravity Erosion
    12.4.4  Causes of the Changes of PSDSS
    12.4.5  Gravity Erosion and Hyper-Concentrated Flows
    12.5  Conclusions
    References
  13 Tunnel Flow and Erosion Processes in an Experimental Catchment
    13.1  A Brief Introduction on the Tunnel Erosion
    13.2  Characteristics of the Wangjiagou Catchment
    13.3  Field Study Methods
    13.4  Results and Discussion
    13.4.1  Hydrological Processes of Tunnel Flows
    13.4.2  Sediment Processes of Tunnel Flows
    13.4.3  Tunnel Sediment Contributions to Catchment Yield
    13.5  Conclusions
  References
Additional Material